Monday, August 11, 2014

Eso’s Chronicles 396
War Against Byzantium
© Eso A.B.
All comments appearing within brackets [ ] are editorial in origin.

Mohammed may yet Save Christianity

Though the Crusade of 1204 mustered against Byzantium by Western Christendom ended in victory, that is to say, Byzantium was sacked and its holy relics and other valuables transferred to the West (first to Avignon, then Rome), the West was able to occupy it only until 1261, when the survivors of the Byzantine Empire retook the city and with many ups and downs held onto it until 1453, when the Ottoman Turks liberated it for the Muslims and former early Christians who had become the warriors for the newly risen Muslim faith.

The puzzling fact that the Crusade never followed through, as was originally announced, to the Jerusalem on the East coast of the Mediterranean, should be proof enough that the object of the Crusade was to destroy that early form of Christianity that was at the foundation of the faith of the Ludis. The sack of the Christian cities of the Ludi: Zara (along the coast of the Adriatic) and then Byzantium, which were, after all Christian did not pass without dire consequences.

While the historians of the ‘consensual’ history which is popular today, argue that the split in Christianity between the orthodox East and a Catholic West has its foundations in the Fourth (aka the First) Crusade. The split resulted not only in the Orthodox Church betraying the Ludis (by  accepting the Catholic or Western neo-Christian theology, which was inscribed into the New Testament), but saw much of early Christianity accept the message of the Messenger of Mohammed, which message in the following three hundred and more years grew into a new faith in such proportions that by 1453, it led to a counter Crusade by the Ottomans, who seized Byzantium for the Muslim faith.

As we see in our own days, the Muslim faith survived the onslaughts by the Catholic West, even that of the Orthodox East (which the West had forced to substitute John Basil with Jesus Christ), which caused forms of governments that forced their own people to pay unjust taxes to ever more unjust,  greedy, and violent leadership.

While after the sack of Byzantium (Jerusalem) by the West, the counter punch crusade against the West was still more than three hundred years in the future, Orthodox historians to this day wonder why the First Crusade never reached its alleged destination, but went on to sack Byzantium (now called Istanbul), the city holy to ludi, the dwellers of the wood, for whom any city was a rare phenomenon and something out of the fairy tale. We see their wonder pictured in the church steeples of Moscow..

Those who are opposed to my argument will claim that the Franks were also found on the East coast of the Mediterranean and all had not all fled to Benelux. The retort is easily countered by pointing out that when Genghis Khan’s golden horde roding into the camps of the Vikings, it scattered their descendants, in all directions. While the majority fled West, some went East where they had established (seized) trading post within easy reach of he Silk Road to the very Far East.

The all surpassing catastrophe that the tax collectors caused humankind was the introduction of violence which sustains elitism to this day, which has in our own day has presumed for itself the secular Godhead through American neoconservatism (a presumption of manifest destiny in the extreme), which is kept in office by the Western Christians.

No wonder the Muslim faith is rising in violent opposition to a Christianity no longer able to muster the energy needed to throw and topple the spiritual lepers who sit on their neck http://www.infowars.com/state-run-churches-caught-red-handed/. Still, such movements on the part of the Muslims as todays jihad (a policy pursued by the brainless) does not meet the standards of those truly faithful to the doctrine that continues to hold that God is Love.

The blame for the failure of the West no longer rests with Western Christianity, however, as it has proven itself a failure in all matters of faith except in violence.

Nevertheless, the Eastern Orthodox Church, which at one time was the direct heir of that early form of Christianity that prevailed among the ludi in Europe and Asia, refuses to admit that it accepted the Western version of Christianity as its own. The refusal of the Eastern Orthodox Church to reject Western theology and renew the option of the repressed alternative, plays into the hands of secular Muslim Zionists, who no less than the Christian version are rampaging all over the Middle East killing their own and such Christians as still remain there.
Eso’s Chronicles 395
War Against Byzantium
© Eso A.B.
All comments appearing within brackets [ ] are editorial in origin.

2 Of Kings of Jews and/or Luhds?

The people who suffered most in the violent contest between Rex Sacer Obscenus and Rex Sacer Ludi were the Ludi who were renamed Jews.

As we know the demonization of the Ludi/Jews was expressed over the centuries by many pogroms, which reached their apex in the concentration camps of Hitler, whose origin in the Ludi made him no less a Jew than any of us.

Still, to the extent that the Jews struggled to retain their former communal status, which they grounded in the Torah, the Pentateuch, which is to say to define their identity as a religious community, suffered attacks not only from malefactors such as Westernized and Catholic Christianity, but also from benefactors, such as call themselves Jews by identifying themselves as Zionists.

This raises the question: “What is Zionism?” I find the best answer embedded in the analysis by Thierry Meyssan at the following link http://www.voltairenet.org/article184973.html . That is to say, the Zionists are not Jews, or the People, or Luhds, but a privileged cabal (not a community) of extremely violent mercenaries formed by Empyreal Western financial interests, which repress what remains of the Jewish people or ludis on behalf of their ‘drang nach Osten’ (storming the East).

To put it another way, the financial interests (banks owned by oligarchs) seek to seize by way of globalization for themselves (by whatever means it takes) what was once known as Holy Roman Empire.

As such, the Project begun by the Goths [Franks or proto French and proto-Germans] is ongoing. The Project was began immediately after the Goths arrived from Byzantium in the Benelux of Europe, where it  regrouped, and rewrote what little text of the ludi sourced Bible there was as the New Testament (which accepted taxation as a God inspired phenomenon), and determined to return whence they were driven from by a revolt of the ludi, and capture Byzantium for themselves.

The First War, aka Crusade, against Byzantium took place in 1204. It was organized on behalf of Jesus Christ, with whom the Goths had managed to replace John Basil of the Bogomils. At the time, the Goths had also managed to create the fiction that Jerusalem, the capital of Byzantium or Israel (which included Khazaria) was located on the Eastern shores of the Mediterranean. This dislocation of the real Jerusalem from Byzantium to the East, gives us a major hint, that the conspirators of the day, the Goths, cast their questing eye as far as India—as indeed the Greek conqueror Alexander had done.

This is not to deny that there may have been a village or small town known as Jerusalem located somewhere midway between Egypt and Khazaria, But if so, the function of the town as a religious center was not grounded in it being the destination of religious pilgrimages, but as a center that mummified bodies of dead Kings from the North on their way to the burial grounds in the Egyptian desert.

It is not simply a tall tale that the three Wise men from the East came to Bethlehem to offer gold, frankincense and myrrh http://www.infoplease.com/askeds/three-wise-men.html  to the [newly created] Jesus. All the gifts are items (surely along with bees’ wax for candles) extensively used in the preservation, beautification and sacralization of bodies of Rex Sacer which like all human bodies were subject to corruption and decay. In short, Jerusalem in those days was a stop-over point for caravans moving from the north to south and functioned as centers for mummification of deceased human Kings (human Gods by the grace of God).
 
Orthodox historians to this day wonder why that (First) Crusade never reached its advertised destination, but went on to sack Byzantium, now Istanbul, then known by the ludi of the wood also as Jerusalem.

Sunday, August 10, 2014

Eso’s Chronicles 394
War Against Byzantium
© Eso A.B.
All comments appearing within brackets [ ] are editorial in origin.

1 Of King’s of Jews and/or Luhds?

The discovery of the origins of the Jewry in Khazaria brings to head another mystery. Why should John or Jesus become kings of lowlife?

Answer: Because ‘lowlife’ is consequent to the creation of the ‘elite’, which is the result of the taxation of the ludi, who were the people of the wood and who earned their keep as herders of reindeer. When the original tax, the skin and fur of reindeer, and a little later, the fur of almost any wildlife animal, made a select bunch Vikings and their imitators wealthy (which set them apart from the egalitarian people of the wood), these proto-oligarchs or oligarchs obscenus—not unlike the oligarchs of today—created a union of their own or, better, the oligarch obscenus created about him a court of people, who due to their privileges were not herders, but idlers.

It was these idlers who had the exquisite sense that their positions were insecure indeed, which is why they promoted the idea that the oligarchs were more entitled to be kings than the kings of old. This relationship between the oligarch and his court, the latter which (both) came known as the a mutual admiration society. This society is not all that different from the relationship of a government bureaucracy of today to the top elites of government (presidents, generals, ministers, senators of the supreme court, department heads, etc.). While theoretically a member of a government bureaucracy may vote for whoever he she wishes, come election time, it is unimaginable that he she would not vote for the incumbent, because if this were to be, then—off with his her head, i.e., a cushy government job is exchanged for the status of one a homeless.

Thus, slowly at first, but at an increasing pace, the secular king (the oligarch) began to dismiss the ‘sacred king’ (rex sacer) and push him to the sidelines, where he (generally a male of our species) gradually became identified with a mere homo sacer—a sacred but bare and discredited human being.

The destruction, indeed elimination, of Rex Sacer (by the grace of God) by the oligarch, aka Pontius (the torturer in Slavic languages) gradually brings great changes in society. One of the major changes by Rex Obscaenus (the King of Filth) is the creation of ‘democracy’, which though seemingly an equalizer of status, actually favors the ‘free market’ and ‘globalist’ ideology, which serves the oligarchs by making the common man, the ludi, a co-participant in the destruction of the community. The latter done by reducing his her status to that of a consumer of products fabricated by oligarch cartels.

None of the above happened without resistance by the Ludi. Nevertheless, the Ludi are the losers, because with the loss of Rex Sacer, they have lost their former authority and power to dismiss taxation as a hoax pulled on them by the secular rulers.

Moreover, even if the ludi wished to return to the wood (as they did in Eastern Europe as recently as WW2), this cannot be done easily, because over the course of many centuries, even since the early Middle Ages, the ruling secular elite has deliberately destroyed the wood (claiming this to be necessary for the welfare of the People—lest they freeze, or go without a roof over their heads, or be ‘terrorized’ by the Wolves—the Resistance—taking refuge in the Wood), and in one way or another  stuffed the people into cities. These of course are but abstracted deserts, where creativity has become destructive and is being used solely to make the creators, the creative ones, whether artists or inventors, more Money.

The struggle of the Ludi against Rex Obscenus did not go unnoted in literature. We all know the reflection of the story in the story of Jesus Christ (though in corrupted form), though we know almost nothing of the story of John Basil (King) of the Ludi. Yet another famous version is the story of King Oedipus, which Freud, the famous psychologist, and his school of thought corrupted so thoroughly by their interpretation that the story conveys a story of incest, that it has become almost beyond recovery.

Still, if the reader wishes to understand that the story (and play) is actually a story of the story of the murder of Rex Sacer (Laius) by Homo Sacer (Oedipus), I encourage a read of my version at http://oedipusrexrewritten.blogspot.com/

Eso’s Chronicles 393
War Against Byzantium
© Eso A.B.
All comments appearing within brackets [ ] are editorial in origin.

Our Continuing Contempt for Ludites

Most everyone has heard of the Ludites http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luddite. Most of us surely have believed them to have been fools, who did not know better than go break the machines of our wonderful Age of the Machine.

Yet were they such fools? And who were these people?

As the above link tells us, we refuse to acknowledge the whence or the true origin of the name ‘Ludi’, which mystery can soon be cleared by searching the Gogaloo library for names beginning with ‘ludi’ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludi .

See? The link tells us that ‘ludi’ were public games in Latin Rome.

So were the Ludites playing games when they broke the machine looms which came to replace the thousands of artisans not only in England but the world over, who earned their own and the keep of their families as weavers? Not likely.

But when we read on and discover that the public games were for the entertainment of the Roman people, it soon comes to mind that we are faced with a clear reversal of ‘intelligence’. In other words, it is not that the public games (ludi) are for the Roman people, but it is the Roman people (ludi) who are watching public games. Thus, we come to realize that ludi actually refers to people, not games.

This confusion is deliberately sown. Here is why.

Most of us know that the famous inscription INRI which we see above the head of the crucified Jesus, when spelled in full, reads (in Latin): “Iēsus Nazarēnus, Rēx Iūdaeōrum or in English ‘Jesus the Nazarene, King of the Jews’”. Now let us take a closer look at the word Iūdaeōrum, i.e. Jews. What if the vowel I should be the consonant L? If so, then the word reads: Lūdaeōrum, which does not mean ‘Jew’, but ‘people’. Which brings us to  discover that the ancient name for Jews originally was People, re: Lūdi.

Sometime in the second millennium there occurred a shift from the consonant L to the consonant R. A city formerly known as Amsteldam became known as Amsterdam; Līga (meaning an Association) became known as Rīga; etc. Grammarians further classify this shift as either a regular or sporadic change. http://www.nativlang.com/linguistics/historical-sound-changes.php (check out the video). There can be numerous reasons why such changes occur, but one for sure is grounded in social prejudice.

To wit: if L becomes associated with the lower class (or what comes to be presumed to be lower class), but R with upper class royalty, then a given society accustomed to the use of L may presume to pronounce all L sounds as R sounds. For example, the common sound of la-la-la of a song, may become ra-ra-ra or a compromise of  tral-la-la.

Besides, we have evidence of the meaning of ‘ludi’ in other languages. In German, people = Leute; in Latvian it is ‘ļaudis’ (lyaudis); the word is also reflected in names, for example, King Ludwig means King of the People; the name is also reflected in the name Louis, one being the French Louis XVI, a king who supported the Revolution, but was nevertheless guillotined by the educated elite, while the ludi still dipped their handkerchiefs in the king's blood.

In other words, Jesus or King John of the Jews, used to mean, in the common language of the people, John the King of the People or King of Ludi. But ‘ludi’ became associated with a dislike or prejudice, which may have caused ‘ludi’ to be pronounced ‘lūdi’, re lewd, meaning low, mean, smelly, shitty (suhdi in Latvian), etc. It is not a far step from lewd to contempt for either yuhd (German: Jude) or Ludite.

If we follow this logic, then ‘Lūdaeōrum’ or the people may have become a too high a pedigree, which needed to be taken down a peg or more, which is why L was changed to I and the word came to be read as ‘Iūdaeōrum’ or J/Y Jews or, to be brutally frank, John was caused to became king of dogs. Not only king of the dogs of Khazaria, the kingdom of the original Jews http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazar_theory_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry , but of all kingdoms, where the King had been instated by the people.

The idea of Israel being located in Khazaria was originally popularized in 1976 by the well known Jewish writer Arthur Koestler in his book, “The Thirteenth Tribe.” Due to the controversy that followed the book, Koestler,  hounded by the negative reaction of Zionists, may have committed suicide, which his wife joined him in http://wakeupfromyourslumber.com/node/2574 .

Saturday, August 9, 2014

Eso’s Chronicles 392
War Against Byzantium
© Eso A.B.
All comments appearing within brackets [ ] are editorial in origin.

The Aegis of the Tax man under One God

When the golden horde of Mongolian horse came riding to rid the world of tax collectors, it had no idea that it would win the immediate battle against what were then known as Franks, but that they would be losers in the long run, because the Beys of the Mongols would soon be tempted to become part of the Western get rich quick system and would turn against their own sacred king.

 

The system of fur tax instituted by the Vikings and spread by all who were tempted by the system caused a REVOLUTION of awesome  proportions.

 

But it was not a Revolution that was kind to or in the interest of humankind at large, and was absolutely devastating to Nature. Uncountable lives of mink, reindeer, buffalo, otters, fox, lynx, wolves, bear, wild pig, etc. were skewed on the point of an arrow, or bullet, or knife, or snapped by a trap to have its skin torn from it. Along with the disaster to living creatures, the objects of what the poet Yeats calls ‘artifice of eternity’*,  re: trees, forests, all kinds of plantlife also faced decimation. No force of contrary sentiment, no matter how genuine, has been able to stop the slaughter of nature by disingenuous users of violence on behalf of what it believes to be the interests of humankind.

 

The vanquished Franks fled northwest to the regions we know today as the Benelux countries, where there were settlements of Vikings who had not viked all that far south as those who had searched their origins going first east across the Baltic Sea and then to the Black or Caspian seas http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks .

 

These river routes are how the system of taxation arrived in the West, where it found virgin lands and all too peaceful natives to exploit. It was in the virgin West that the Franks and Germans (the name may possibly have its roots in the act of flaying, re Baltic ‘gher-eht’ to flay; gherb-ties to put on clothes) had their greatest success and also met the greatest resistance. Of course, todays dictionaries find the root for the word ‘german’ in such words as ‘the people’ and ‘neighbors’ as, after all, who wants to be described as a professional flayer of skin. Even so, other people are not likely to have such self-interest involved in so naming the fleeing hordes of Frankish and Germanic people.

 

The main opposition to the refugees from the Byzantine Empire came from the early Christians, who had likely originated in the area of southwestern Asia and migrated West along sea and river routes (going upstream), who had long established relationships and traditions with nature, and to whom taxation as a form of repression to better exploit them was alien.

 

This is when the Franks had a brainstorm. Remembering that the Khazars, who had been allied with ore part of the Byzantine Empire, had created the beginnings of what we today know as the Pentateuch http://www.gotquestions.org/documentary-hypothesis.html , they determined to do it one better.

 

Scholarship differs as to the date of the origin of the Bible. As the above link indicates, some believe it was written in BC. Others, seculars of our day, date it as not earlier than 9th century AD, with the possibility that the text was completed only after the 16th century AD. This writer holds with the latter timing. This especially, because the entire development of Christianity has undergone a number of false flag operations on its body politic https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qnA1CQKRUIo .

 

Not least among these ‘operations’ is the U.S. operation against ‘terrorism’ following the 9/11 false flag event about which we still do not know the whole truth. It is this Western instigated rumble, which is responsible for the currently ongoing undeclared war against Russia and most of Asia, the event is an attempt to rewrite history once more to the liking of the false flag, flying the colors of the Western ‘deep state’.

*See W.B. Yeats, “Sailing to Byzantium”.

Eso’s Chronicles 391
War Against Byzantium
© Eso A.B.
All comments appearing within brackets [ ] are editorial in origin.

Unorthodox Christianity

It is somewhat amazing that most of the writers about Christianity and or Chritendom ever fail to step out of the realm of Christendom itself, but proceed to offer criticism from within the system.

For example, Malcolm Lambert, a reader in Medieval History at University of Bristol, and author of “The Cathars”, an interesting enough book, cannot for a moment assume that the Cathars represent an early form of Christianity, one that precedes Catholicism, but writes about them only from the perspective that they have been proven heretics to Catholicst Christianity.

No doubt, the Cathars were heretics to the Catholics, but only because they were part of a Christianity that preceded Catholicism and its definition of Christianity by perhaps some thousands of years.

This myopic perspective is similar to all the army of critics from the West, who offer criticism of the West by remaining securely bound to the system, which (having begun with the introduction of taxation) proceeds under the assumption that the Industrial Revolution is an everlastingly new system, rather than the apex of an old faux system come to its apex and about to begin its collapse.

Whatever is it that causes us to presume that Christianity derives solely from the life of Jesus? If indeed this were so, then it cannot be a platform for faith any other than a shallow one—no matter how forcefully Catholics (and its inquisitors) tried or still try to ground it in God. Only violent force can accomplish such a marvel, as in fact the Inquisition proved it by repressing and killing all or most of those who opposed this ‘new’ message.

It may be difficult for the theologians interested in theology to accept the notion that ancient people were better theologians than the academics who stuff the halls of today’s universities, because not only did they evolve a theology as such, but put it in practice in the daily life of the communities to which they belonged.

Take for example the native religion of the Latvian people, to who I have ties a few centuries in duration, and whose language I know rather well. What distinguishes the religion of the Latvians is that it is embedded in their language, with one caveat: it is to be found only in their oral language, whereas written language is utterly western in its orientation and devoid of any spirit—poets excepting--other than having become an obvious objectivist clunker.

The word that holds the nature of Latvian spiritual being is what formerly grammarians called the diminutive, but more enlightened folks call the endearing or gentling word. Some would describe the nature of this spirit animist in essence, but surely if such a description were to stick, it is repressive by nature. Because—how can you call John Johnny, and hold the endearment to be a form of animism? Well, yes, sure, Johnny is an endearment (not a diminutive); and an endearment is for the most part a consequence of love and affection. Besides, while an endearment is not a verb, there stands behind it a feeling it activates.

As far as I know, Latvians have no direct ties to ‘tengrism’ (see EC 290) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_uqBpk9cAg , but like tengrism the forbears of these once proud forest people, believed in synchronicity, i.e., that all of nature, here and there, was not arbitrary matter, but was connected with profound ties to the present and its beings.

True, the same cannot be said about Latvians today, because the people have been subject to over a century of pro-western proselytizing, this, curiously enough, even with the help of the Soviet Union, which government kept them subjects for half a century. This Western influence from both East and West is true, because Marx for all his opposition to Capitalism oriented the Communist system from within a Western mindset and mold.

Friday, August 8, 2014

Eso’s Chronicles 390
War Against Byzantium
© Eso A.B.
All comments appearing within brackets [ ] are editorial in origin.

How Christ became Anti-Christ

In a system that is consequent to a false flag event, which is the system the world adopted after the destruction of Byzantium in the First (aka the Fourth) Crusade (1204) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade , not only values but symbols for the values became reversed.

This was the time when the well to do separated themselves from the poor, not because of their superior talent as traders, but because of their talent for violence and seizure of power. It is a time when pathology (defined as typical behavior of a disease, i.e., in this case violence against the values of the community) becomes the sign of the ‘man’, who puts the feet of the poor in stocks or kidnaps their children to sell them into slavery if their parents do not meet the tax decreed by the ruling clique.

The original King of the People, known in Byzantium as John Basil (Basil = King), a reflection of whom we see in John the Baptist (a name likely derived from Basil), was known as a leader of a group of forest dwellers who called themselves Bogomils, Lovers of God. John was not crucified or decapitated as the New Testament famously has it, but was unfairly tried as a heretic (opponent of the Emperor Alexius I* take of what religion should be) and thrown into a pit of fire about 1111 AD.

Because at the time most people lived in a forest or near-forest environment and earned their keep as herders of reindeer, the uproar that followed the murder of John reverberated throughout the vast forest kingdoms of then Asia and Europe.

The imposition of yasak, which demanded that humans adapt themselves to violence to all the better slaughter their reindeer herds to pay ever higher taxes, not to mention the word of mouth communication which was subject to all kinds of rumors true and false, brought the ruling elite not just a little fright. As the Vikings had come to Byzantium mostly by way of the river systems which flowed from north to south and were located to the West of the Ural Mountains, the people who lived East of that same mountain range naturally assumed that the evil had its origin in the West.

This fact became confused at a later time with the invasion of Russia by the Mongols http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe .

Because of the fog of time and all too many lies over what actually occurred, we cannot be sure today whether the West was attacked by the East because of the imposition of the yasak or the murder of John. However, we may note that the alleged ‘hordes’ are led by the sons of one Ghengis Khan, which name in translation means John the King. This writer’s personal assumption is that the early attacks of the ‘golden horde’ came as a result of the imposition of the yasak.

The trial by Alexis I of John Basil likely came because of the attacks by Genghis Khan and his clans as a reaction to the tax. We may wish to remember that among ancient people there is no such thing as a tax, but in its place a widely recognized system ‘gift’ giving. If my sequencing of the events is correct, this would indicate that Genghis Khan still operated under the system of ‘gifting’ rather than taxation.

In order for this system (the charisma of divinity is its very essence) to work, the leader has to have trust of the people. Such trust can only exist if the leader was a self-sacrificial human Divine (no sacrifice of another involved**). Indeed, such a system is known to have existed among the ancient Turkic tribes, where the ruler was known as a ‘sacred king’. The sacred king delegated his authority to an executive king known as Bey http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bey#Turkish_and_Azerbaijani_beys .

The Turkic religious tradition has its origins in ‘tengrism’ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrism . Indeed, the ceremony of christening [Kırk banyosu (bath of 40] originates with the practicioners of tengrism, which had its origins in the people of the forest of ancient times. Unfortunately, the ceremony of christening, today christens us into a secularized form of Christianity. No wonder our civilization is known, among other things, as a destroyer of the wood and nature.

Twice unfortunate is the fact that with the discovery of taxation through the exercise of violence, the Bey seized power from the sacred king, which is how sacred power became secular. This is also how we came to our present system of governance: faux democracy.

*Dmitri Obolenski, The Bogomils, Cambridge U. Press, 1948, p. 276.
**The ‘human sacrifice’ of a king came about only if the king failed to realize self-sacrifice, the time of it usually agreed upon at the beginning of his rule.